REMARKABLE EVENT - SIOUXS AND CHEROKEES

The Unites States has many tribes, but the most important are Cherokees and Sioux, these tribes had remarkable events that were unfortunate situations. The most relevant events of Cherokees were “Trail of Tears” and Sioux “Little Crow’s War”. They had many differences and similarities, but there were more differences between them.


One obvious difference was “Trail of tears” that happened in 1838-1839 so it lasted one year, due to development of a new law imposed by Andrew Jackson , while “Little Crow’s War” was in 1851-1861, so it lasted ten years due to breach of treaty between American government and Sioux tribe. Thus during the development of Little Crow’s War the Sioux tribe received support by Europeans whereas Cherokee tribe didn’t have help during the Trail of tears. Other areas of difference between Cherokees and Sioux were that causes of died. These causes of dead to Cherokees were cold weather, hunger and diseases due to their displacement. In contrast Sioux died by the war. Both events generated many dead people but Cherokee tribe had a major number of them.

Nevertheless there are some similarities between both tribes. One of those is that Europeans and Americans discovered gold in their territories. For that reason the American government forced they tribes moving to other different lands of the United States. A final similarity was the dead of many innocent people that it remains in memory.

In summary, these events were important because then divided the history in two parts and changed the history and life of these tribes.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CHEROKEE TRIBE

In the United States remain some tribes, Cherokee is one of them. Since the middle of the 18th century this tribe exists, but the existence of this tribe is a result of many regrettable events. In history that became the most are in the decreased number of members.

The first cause of the event was the location of the tribe, because they were located in North Carolina, but in this place there was a lot of gold, for this reason, the tribe were displaced by an American president called Andrew Jackson to another place, in this case to the Mississippi river (Oklahoma). As a result, nowadays they are settled in Oklahoma, they haven’t got gold but they have very rich land.

Another event was the “trail of tears” that consisted of Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, starvation in order to conserve its wealth, and their houses. And this process also was called transformation process. It was an important event, because it had problems, discussions and left a lot of people with illness, and approximately 4000 dead. As a consequence, they died and the power was in charge of a new chief.

Nowadays, the new chief makes decisions, and works in new projects for building and improving the touristic area. The effects of there events are the beginning of a new lifestyle, also the beginning of the most important American tribes.

Finally, this tribe had a lot of important events in their history, nevertheless, these events fortified the development and the history of north America.

Realized by: Jennifer Ortega

CHEROKEES AND AZTECS- DIFFERENT RITUALS

The Indians were the first group that lived in America. Cherokee tribe is the most representative to North America in contrast with Aztecs, the most representative tribe in South America specifically in Mexico. These tribes have different practices and rituals. It is relevant to remark the importance of the crops and the similar practices to bless the corn plant.

One obvious difference is the belief in gods whereas Cherokee indian didin't have gods to admire and respect on the contrary the Aztec indians believed in many gods for exampleCeteoti gods to corn and Huitzilupochtli gods of war.

The ritual of war practiced by the Cherokees when the chief war officers became too old to serve one from among their own war council to replace them. Later when the war was won they danceed and bathed for seven days and seven nigths, in this time they drank a special potion to purify them selves. unlike Cherokees, Aztecs sacrificed jailed persons people or war. The ritual consited in a potion preparation and after the blood obtained by this ritual was stared in special containers with land and some herbs.

Nonethless for Cherokee and Aztecs the crops were the main part of their echonomy. The celebrationin the grow up of corn plant. The aztecs had the Xalaquia festival which lasted sixteen days and between June an July, and began when the corn plants reached their maturity and the harvest was apod. Similarly, the Cherokee tribe celebrated the green corn festival in October and the corn feast in the middke of September, in this festival they tanked the gods for the new harvest.

Finally the most important difference is that Cherokee exist, while Aztecs doesn't exist, however Cherokee works in new projects for tourist areas.

CAUSE AND EFFECT: FAMILY INTERECTION OF CHEROKEE TRIBE

Cherokee tribe a made up clans, these clans consist of one family and these are located in North of California. The family, has especially roles. Man is a hunter, warrior, chief and build houses and canoes for tribe. Woman's roles is cooking, farming, homework of houses and care children. A consequence of these roles and interacton family, there are a strong relationship that contribute to the tribe in today. There are causes for to still at this moment.

First, Cherokee tribe separated in different groups, each family whish to increase the tourism in North of California. This has a result teh creation of Cherokee Museum and modificated restaurant for people arrived in these places. This is a consequence of the communication among clans and their interaction.



Secondly, man or women Cherokee have a define the role. This role produced a specific work, for instance hunting, farming and these actions are the support economic teh state of North of California. Cherokees work together and send the product of job. This caused many money and major resources the used for created schoools that improve to education of country.



In addition, men of this tribe have a power in political area. This power used by men for created laws that give benefits to the tribe. Therefore, Cherokees have participation in the society and give ideas to improve the state.



Finally, Cherokees tribe has many opportunities in the work and they tribe trying to explore new ways for to advanced , aquire new tecnology and innovate in front other cultures.

CHEROKEES vr. CHIBCHAS

In the world there many tribes and cultures that were giving contributions in the development of all societies some of these have had a big impact in the economic, because these developed many practices that majority trade in old years. Next, I'm going to discuss about some similarities and differences of Cherokee and Chibchas Tribe.

In the past; the deerskin trade was one of the most important trade relationships between Europeans and Native Americans, especially with Cherokee tribe, because tribe such as Cherokee, among others, supplied deerskins to traders, mostly from Charleston, South Carolina, in exchange for various trade goods for instance: iron tools, kettles, knives, firearms, ammunition, and gunpowder.

One of the similarities between Chibchas of Colombia and the Cherokees was that both had based their trade in agriculture, both tribes used tools for crops of tomatoes, potatoes, wheat and vegetables. These products were sold to their nearest tribes to obtain more animal skins or tools. Although its economy is based on agriculture, both Chibchas as Cherokees were sold to Spaniards and Europeans as slaves.

On the other hand, the Cherokees exchanged their work on agriculture and extraction of gold by more tools while the Chibchas delivered their crops and they were exploited to extract emeralds for the Spaniards. Other areas of difference was that Chibchas made yarn fabrics and material Iraqis while the Cherokees performed with wire baskets and wood.

Finally, these tribes have many stuff in common, due to give much contributions to the world, and these are well-known by people in this time. The Chibchas tribe doesn't exist in our time, because they were killed and dissapearence many years ago. In contrary, The Cherokees tribe there are and they are many important in North of California because they have the base for economic in this state.

LIFESTYLE

Habitat

The Cherokee lived in the mountains and valleys of the southern Appalachian Mountains. They moved into the area which is now present day North and South Carolina, Tennessee, northern Georgia, and Alabama.

Homes

The Cherokee lived in villages along the riverbanks. Each village had a council house. A council house was a large, circular, windowless building often built on a mound. The walls were made of saplings woven together then plastered with mud. The Cherokee lived in a large, rectangular wood house in the summer. In the winter the family moved to a smaller round, windowless house. They made benches for their homes.

Dress

The women made clothing from deerskins and plants that were woven into material. The women wore short skirts. The men wore breechcloths, leggings, and moccasins. The men liked to paint and tattoo their bodies. During the winter the Indians wore capes for warmth. These were made from rabbit fur or turkey feathers. The capes were tied over the left shoulder. The clothing was decorated with dyed porcupine quills. The Cherokee also wore jewelry made of bones and teeth.

Food

The Cherokee had one large garden in which they grew beans, corn, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers. They also had small individual gardens. The women tended the gardens after the men cleared the fields and helped plant the crops. The men provided the meat for their families. They used traps, bows and arrows, blowguns, and darts to help kill game. Deer was the most important animal the men hunted. They also hunted for bear.

Art

The people made drums and rattles. The women made pottery and baskets.

VIDEO CHEROKEE

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FESTIVALS OF THE CHEROKEES

The six main festivals held by the Chief each year were the first New Moon of spring, the new Green Corn Festival, the Green Corn Festival, the first appearance of the October New Moon (Nuwtiegwa), establishment of friendship and brotherhood and "Bouncing Bush" Festival. Messengers were sent through the nation to notify the people of the Festivals. Although there was some variation in the number of days of a Festival, they were always completed within seven days.
At most festivals a sacrifice of meat was made, the people took ceremonial baths in the water by plunging under seven times. Religious dances were held most of the night, special wood was gathered for the kindling of special fires, and tobacco was used in a special ceremony. These festivals were held as a Thanksgiving to God for the fruits of the earth. Prayers were said that God might bless the corn and meat during the year and make the people healthful. The preliminary Green Corn Feast was held in August and the main Corn Feast was held in the middle or latter part of September, when the corn was ripe.
The Nuwatiegwa was held at the time of the first appearance of the October New Moon, when the leaves began to turn yellow and fall. It was held in honor of the Great New Moon. The Indians believed the earth was created at that season, and their year began at that time.It was believed that at this festival each person might look into a crystal to see if he would live through the next year. If they could see themselves erect as they looked into the stone, it was believed they would live, but if they appeared to be lying down, they would die before the first spring moon. Those who were to die fasted all day and then had the priest consult the crystal again. If on the second trial he appeared standing erect, he was ordered to the river and bathed several times and he would be safe.

RITUAL OF WAR

When the chief war officers became too old to serve the warriors, they nominated someone from among their own war council to replace them. This nomination was sent to the great chief of the nation, and if he and his counselors approved of the nominee, the candidate was consecrated. This was done usually at the feast of the Green Corn in August. However, if there was danger threatening the nation, it was done within twenty days of the time he was nominated. The old war chief selected four distinguished officers to escort the candidate to the council house. One of the officers walked in front of him carrying a handful of red paint, one walked at his left with an eagle feather and the other two walked behind him in silent meditation. A special war dress was made for him of deerskin which was dyed a deep red color. Everything from his leather shirt to his belt, leggings, garter and moccasins was a deep red color. In the new war chief's acceptance speech, he said he would not stain his hands with the blood of infants, women, or old men or anyone that for some reason or another is unable to defend himself.
When war was threatened the warriors met at the national headquarters where they came under the command of the chief for warfare. During an emergency such as a threat of war, the red flag of war was raised. The flag was a long pole painted red which had red painted deerskin fastened to the top. During a war it was carried by a special flag warrior and was set up at the war party campsites where they met together after a battle. During these encampments they sang the song and then had the war dance.In the war dance every warrior carried his main weapon. The dance itself was lead by the right hand man of the war chief. There was no singing involved but merely the war hoop and the sound of the drum. The warriors went around the circle each one with his left hand pointing to the center of the circle where the fire and the war flag were located. It is thought this was a kind of dedication by the individual warriors to do their best in the upcoming battle. The war dance was called a "te yo hi." The drum used in the war dance was a pottery jar that had the top covered with raccoon skin with small bells fastened around the rim.
In marching to war, the first company of warriors was led by the chief warrior. Then came the second company, headed by this right hand man, and then the third company headed by his speaker, and the fourth company headed by another officer. The last persons in a war party were the war priest, who was called the fire carrier, his assistant and two of the medicine men.
On the march, there were four spies or scouts who played an important part in the operation. Their duties were similar to the enfilade movement of the modern warfare in that they were responsible for protecting the main force from ambush from the front, the rear and both flanks. The raven spy had a raven skin tied around his neck and scouted in front; another who had a piece of wolf skin tied around his neck on the right hand side; one with an owl skin scouted on the left; and one with a fox skin scouted to the rear. The course was marked by the raven spy who went ahead, breaking bushes and leaving other signs to guide the march.
The battles themselves were usually brutal hand to hand combat operations carried on in very close quarters. The Cherokees lacked the long range weaponry that is commonly associated with the Indian wars and the winning of the West simply because that type of weaponry had not yet been developed.
Following the battle and upon the war party's return home, the spoils of war were given to the warrior's wife or nearest woman relative. The warriors who had killed someone or had touched a dead body were considered unclean for a period of four days afterwards. To purify themselves, it was necessary to bathe themselves and drink only a particular potion. They bathed seven times every night and every morning. During this time the victory (scalp) dance was danced every night. Sometimes other dances were also performed, but the warriors were not allowed to dance at all with the women. All the men did not go on the war parties. Someone was needed to protect the towns. Particularly any warrior who was worried about his wife, family, or property was told to stay at home.
The weapons and equipment which were used for war were: shields, battleaxes, slings, war clubs, knives, breastplates, spears, helmets, bows and arrows.

TRADE AND INDUSTRY

The trade was mainly deerskins, raw material for the booming European leather industry, in exchange for European technology "trade goods" such as iron and steel tools (kettles, knives, etc), firearms, gunpowder, and ammunition. In 1705 these traders complained that their business had been lost and replaced by Indian slave trade instigated by Governor Moore of South Carolina. Moore had commissioned people to "set upon, assault, kill, destroy, and take captive as many Indians as possible". These captives would be sold and the profits split with the Governor.

Although selling alcohol to Indians was made illegal by colonial governments at an early date, rum, and later whiskey, were a common item of trade.

Currently, all of these towns are peopled with enterprising citizens, and are, if hardly frenzied centers of trade and industry, at least thriving, progressive communties from which trade and industry are by no means lacking. Each has an individual character, drown from the advantages of its particular environment and from the nature of the part which it plays in the economic life of Cherokee County. And each has its record of participation in the history of the county.

LOCATION

The Cherokee tribe was located in the southern Appalachian Mountains: including western North and South Carolina, northern Georgia and Alabama, southwest Virginia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee, Kentucky, and northern Alabama.

Distributed across the United States, but concentrated in eastern Oklahoma. The eastern Cherokee still maintain their reservation in western North Carolina. The Northern Cherokee Nation of the Old Louisiana Territory has almost 12,000 members and has been recognized by the State of Missouri. Other groups of Cherokee, like the 2,500 members of the North Alabama Cherokee, are located in Arkansas, Georgia, and Alabama but currently do not have federal recognition.

THE TRIBE CHEROKEE EXIST?

The city is known in the past for its stereotypical representation of native Americans. Nevertheless, these last years the tribe has worked hardly to surpass this and is working at the moment in a project to renew whole “the tourist” area, has given the warning to many stores that are considered sticky or trimming in the undesired stereotype. The tribe has constructed many more cultural centers, including near of great earth a museum that is of frequent use for the cultural events such as powwows Cherokee.

The tribe has plans to construct new schools, of be of arts and facilities of the medical care, and have taken an interest in preserving the pride of people.

CHEROKEE MEN HAVE MANY JOBS

Cherokee women also have many jobs like farming, butchering, and cooking, and they are an important part of their tribe. The men do just about everything else. The men are the hunters, warriors, chiefs, house builders, and canoe makers. The hunters allowed venison, stews, bear meat, smoked fish and meat, and much more. It gave more variety of foods for meals. When the men went to war they were armed with spears, bow and arrows, rifles, etc.. One of the enemies of the Cherokees (and many other tribes) was the Chickasaws.

They’re one of the strongest tribes. The men could also become chiefs. This might have been decided during the Green Corn Ceremony. Now women can also run for chief. Cherokee men also built the houses. The houses are made of logs with split cedar planks for a roof. The houses are like a fort, except without a gate. The Cherokees made their canoes out of yellow polar, sometimes called the tulip tree. Both men and women both have equal job amounts.5. Hunting/ FishingCherokees are a hunting and a farming society. The men are the hunters and fishermen.

The men hunt deer, bear, buffalo, opossum, squirrel, turkey, partridge, pheasant, rabbits, and small birds. Some of the hunting weapons they used were a bow and arrow and a blow gun. They got the rifles by trading with the Europeans. Some of the fishing tools they used were bow and arrows, water traps, bait and hooks, spears, and dipping baskets. Cherokees caught fish in the cold mountain streams. Also when the men came home the women would butcher the animal.

The meat from the larger animals like the deer, buffalo, and bears were made into venison, steaks, stews, and or they smoked the meat for later. Also the Cherokees used most every part of an animal for something, whether it was to wear, cook with, and other various needs. The Cherokees also traded with the Europeans. They traded deer skins for knives, firearms, tools, and other items. They were skilled in most everything, especially hunting. One of the reasons why is the fact that they did not waste anything. They only took what they needed, they understood the balance needed for survival. They used their resources well, which made them one of the most well known tribes in America.

..CHEROKEE FAMILY...

Family life

The Cherokee had some rules in order to get married. One had to marry someone else from another clan. The tribe was separated into seven clans. A clan is a large group of family.

Family member roles

• What were men and women's roles in the Cherokee tribe?
  Like their distant cousins the Iroquois, the Cherokee Indians had an even division of power between men and women. Cherokee men were in charge of hunting, war, and diplomacy. Cherokee women were in charge of farming, property, and family. Men made political decisions for the tribe, and women made social decisions for the clans. Chiefs were men, and landowners were women.
  
  Today, Cherokee gender role traditions have changed. Cherokee women can be chiefs and Cherokee men are sometimes farmers.
  
• How do Cherokee Indian children live?
  They do the same things all children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Cherokee children enjoy hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Cherokee kids had more chores and less time to play, just like colonial children. But they did have dolls, toys, and games to play. In one popular game, Cherokee kids tried to throw a dart through a moving hoop. Lacrosse was a popular sport among Cherokee teenagers and adult men. Like many Native Americans, Cherokee mothers traditionally carried babies in cradleboards on their backs--a custom which many American parents have adopted now.
  

Family traditions

Traditional Cherokee Wedding Ceremony

The Cherokee wedding ceremony is a very beautiful event. The original ceremony differed from clan to clan and community to community but basically used the same ritual elements.

Because clanship is martrilineal in the Cherokee society, it is forbidden to marry within one's own clan- Because the woman holds the family clan, she is represented at the ceremony by both her mother (or clan mother) and oldest brother. The brother stands with her as his vow to take the responsibility of teaching the children in spiritual and religious matters, as that is the traditional role of the 'uncle' (e-du-ji). The groom is accompanied by his mother.

After the sacred spot for the ceremony has been blessed for seven consecutive days, it is time for the ceremony. The bride and groom approach the sacred fire, and are blessed by the priest and/or priestess. All participants of the wedding, including guests we also blessed. Songs are sung in Cherokee, and those conducting the ceremony bless the couple. Both the Bride and Groom are covered in a blue blanket. At the right point of the ceremony, the Priest or priestess removes each blue blanket, and covers the couple together with one white blanket, indicating the beginning of their new fife together.

Instead of exchanging rings, in the old times the couple exchanged food. The groom brought ham of venison, or some other meat, to indicate his intention to provide for the household. The bride provided corn, or bean bread to symbolize her willingness to cart for and provide nourishment for her household. The gifts of meat and corn also honor the fact that traditionally, Cherokee men hunted for the household, while women tended the farms. It also reflects the roles of Kanati (first man) and Selu (first woman).

The couple drink together from a Cherokee Wedding Vase. The vessel holds one drink, but has two openings for the couple to drink from at the same time. Following the ceremony, the town, con-unity or clans provide a wedding feast, and the dancing and celebrating can go on all night.

Today, some Cherokee traditionalists still observe these wedding rituals. Them are also many variations on the ceremony.

REFERENCES

http://napanews.tripod.com/id39.htm

Link to video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH1TmxhbdyA

by:

CONSTANZA RUIZ

JENNIFER ORTEGA

CAROLINA MIRANDA

JESSICA HUERTAS